Clauses and its types

Clause Definition: A clause consists of a subject and a verb and is the smallest grammatical unit that expresses a thought.

What is a Clause in a Sentence?

What is a clause? In its simplest form, a clause in grammar is a subject plus a verb. The subject is the entity “doing” the action of the sentence and the verb is the action that subject completes. A clause creates a complete thought (an idea or a statement that can stand alone).

A complete thought is also called a main clause or independent clause (IC).

Examples of clauses:

• Subject + verb. = complete thought (IC)
• I eat. = complete thought (IC)
• Sharon speaks. = complete thought (IC)

A clause may include the verb predicate as well. But, it must include at least the subject and verb to be considered a clause.

Examples of clauses:

• Subject + verb (predicate). = complete thought (IC)
• I eat bananas. = complete thought (IC)
• Sharon speaks loudly. = complete thought (IC)

It should be noted, too, that a clause in a sentence is different from a phrase in that it must contain a subject and a verb.

What is an Independent Clause?

Independent clause definition: An independent clause can stand alone in a sentence. It contains a subject and a verb in its smallest form. A clause may also include modifiers and a verb predicate. It is a complete thought and the smallest unit of grammar that is syntactically accurate.

Example of Independent Clauses:

• Subject + verb (predicate). = complete thought (IC)
• I eat bananas. = complete thought (IC)
• Sharon speaks loudly. = complete thought (IC)

In writing, words and modifiers can be rearranged in independent clauses to create interest.

Example of Independent Clauses:

• I eat bananas in the kitchen.
• In the kitchen, I eat.

Here, “I eat” is the subject and verb. An object (“bananas”) and a prepositional phrase (“in the kitchen”) have been added to the clause to make it more specific. The entire sentence is an independent clause because it is a complete thought statement.

Outside Examples of Independent Clauses:

• While Uber says it is profitable in the US, Lyft has reportedly told investors it will lose $50 million a month this year. –New York Post

In the above example, Lyft has reportedly told investors it will lose $50 million a month this year is an independent clause.

For more information on independent clauses, click here.

What is a Dependent Clauses?

Dependent clause definition:Dependent clauses contain a subject and verb. However, they cannot stand alone as an independent thought. They must be joined with an independent clause to be grammatically correct.

Example of Dependent Clause:

• Every night before I go to bed, I eat bananas.

This example contains the IC, “I eat bananas.” However, a dependent clause now opens the sentence. While the dependent clause contains a subject and a verb (“I go”), the dependent clause itself cannot stand alone a complete thought.

Example of Dependent Clause:

• Every night before I go to bed

This is not a complete thought and therefore not a sentence in English. Every night before I go to bed…what happens? This idea must be joined with an independent clause to be grammatically correct.

Outside Examples of Dependent Clauses:

• While American forces will not be leading the ground war in Syria, they will be involved in military operations and working without proper authorization from Congress. –The New York Times

In the above example, While American forces will not be leading the ground war in Syria is a dependent clause.

For more information on dependent clauses, click here.

More Types of Clauses

What is a Noun Clause?

Noun clause definition: A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as a noun in the sentence. A noun clause will always contain a subject and a verb. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.

Example of Noun Clause:

• I remember what you said yesterday.

Here, the underlined portion is the independent clause that can stand alone. The italicized words, “what you said yesterday,” serve as a dependent noun clause.

The noun clause is acting as the object of the sentence. In the noun clause “you said” is a subject plus a verb. This creates the clause (a subject plus a verb). However, “what you said yesterday” cannot stand alone and therefore must be paired with an independent clause.

Additional noun clause examples:

• I thought what she wore was so chic.
• Whomever you confide in is a person you can trust.

What is an Adjective Clause? (Also called Relative Clause)

Adjective clause definition: An adjective clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as an adjective in the sentence. An adjective clause will always contain a subject and a verb. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.

An adjective clause will always begin with one of the following words:

Relative Pronouns List:

• that
• where
• who
• whom
• which

Relative Adverbs List:

• when
• where
• why

Example of Adjective Clause:

• The boy who you saw at the storecommitted a robbery.

The adjective clause is acting as an adjective in this sentence. The adjective clause describes the boy. It contains a subject and a verb, “you saw.” However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought. “Who you saw at the robbery” is not a complete statement.

Additional adjective clause examples:

• The store that the boy robbed is on the corner.
• The corner of the street where my family lives is surrounded by investigators.

For more information on adjective / relative clauses, click here.

What is an Adverbial Clause?

Adverbial clause definition: An adverbial clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as an adverb in the sentence. An adverbial clause will always contain a subject and a verb. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.

Example of Adverbial Clause:

• You will continue driving north until you see a stop sign.

The adverbial clause is acting as an adverb in this sentence. The adverbial clause modifies how you will drive. The adverbial clause contains a subject and verb, “you will continue.” However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought. “Until you see a stop sign” is not a complete statement.

Additional adverbial clause examples:

• After the movie ended, we ate ice cream.
• Beth visits her grandfather whenever she is in town.

Summary: What are Clauses in Grammar?

To sum up:

• Define clause: A clause is a subject plus a verb.
• Two types of clauses are main/independent clause and dependent clause.
• An independent clause can stand alone as a complete thought.
• A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone.

Phrases and its Types

Articles

Articles

There articles in English i.e. ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’. In fact there are certain situations where no article is needed. We have to follow certain guidelines in order to decide which article to use before a noun in the sentence.

First of all we have to categorize the noun as countable and uncountable. Countable nouns are those that refer to something that can be counted. They have both singular and plural forms (e.g. flower/flowers; man/men; country/countries). In the singular, they can be preceded by ‘a’ or ‘an’. Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be divided into separate elements and thus cannot be counted. For example- milk, oil, hair etc.

Rules for using articles ‘a’ and ‘an’.

1. Indefinite articles includes - ‘a’ and ‘an’. Articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite articles because they refer to any member of a group, rather than to a particular member of the group. We use them before a singular countable noun. Example: a pen, a boy, a plant, a building, a man, a red umbrella, a camel, a swimming pool, a university, etc.

2. We use ‘a’ and ‘an’ depending upon the sound with which a countable noun begins. Noun may begin with a consonant sound or a vowel sound.

3. We use ‘an’ if the following word begins with a vowel sound although they begin with a consonant. Example: an apple, an elephant, an hour, an MBA, an MNC, an MLA, an MP, an umbrella, an Igloo, an octopus, an honest girl, an ugly dress, an egg etc.

4. We use ‘a’ if the following word begins with a consonant sound. Example: a table, a girl, a book, a teacher, a union, etc.

5. We usually use a/an before a singular countable noun when we introduce a noun for the first time while speaking or writing.

6. Article ‘a’ is also used in phrases like have a headache, a bad cold, a noise, to be in a hurry, a good option etc.

7. The plural of indefinite articles ‘a/an’ is ‘some’. Word ‘some’ is used to denote unknown or any of the things.

Example:

    a. There are some mangoes trees in his garden.

    b. Pick up some mustard oil. (Means oil of any brand.)

Rules for using article ‘the’

‘The’ is called as the definite article as it points to a specific person or thing. Here the speaker as well the writer is aware of the identity of the noun.

Example:

       a.   The sun is the ultimate source of energy.

       b.   I met the doctor who is a neurosurgeon.

       c.   The order for laptops was sent yesterday.

       

1. We use ‘the’ before a noun when we talk about a particular member of a group (common noun). Example: The minister was invited for inauguration function of the mall.

    2. Article ‘the’ is also used when noun is unique and one of its kind. Example: the morning star, the saturn, the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the stars, the heaven, the hell etc.

     3. Article ‘the’ is used on its subsequent reference after it has already been introduced or used while writing or speaking. Example: I saw a boy and a girl playing along the beach. The boy was making a castle using sand. In this sentence, both the words ‘boy’ and ‘girl’ are countable nouns and hence the words are preceded by ‘a’ when used for the first time. But the same word is preceded by ‘the’ when repeated in the same context.

    4. Definite article ‘the’ is also used before superlative adjectives. Example: the tallest tree, the most beautiful house, the longest rope, the least harmful medicine, the best option etc.

         Sample Sentence

a.   This is the smallest umbrella I have ever seen.

b.   Our kitchen garden is the biggest in our neighborhood.

c.   This is the best alternative among others.

d.   She is the most beautiful girl in our locality.

5. Use ‘the’ to represent the entire class or group of people, animals or things.

      Example:

   a.  The cat is as nice as dog.  

   b.   The toddler is naughty by nature.

6. Before the names of (a) sacred books, (b) newspapers, (c) rivers, (d) well known buildings, (e) mountain ranges, (f) seas, oceans, (g) islands etc.

   Example:

     a.   The Gita, the Bible, the Guru Granth Sahib, the Quran.

    b.   The Times of India, The Indian Express, The Hindustan Times, The New York Times, The Tribune, The Indian Express etc.

     c.   The Ganga, the Nile, the Yamuna, the Indus, the Narmada etc.

     d. The Himalayas, the Andes, the Western Ghats, the Nilgiris, the Alps etc.

    e. The Indian Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean,  the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean.

7. Write ‘the’ before the names of communities. Example:  the Hindus, the Muslims, the Cholas, the Christians, the Sikhs, the English, the Aryans.

8. Use article ‘the’ in phrases like in the winter, in the summer, in the autumn, in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, in the night and linkers like on the other hand, to speak the reality, to tell you the fact etc.

9. We use ‘the’ following a class. Example: the rich, the poor, the middle class, the elite, the schedule caste etc.

10. Use ‘the’ when ‘of’ is a part of the school’s or universities name. Example: the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India, the University of Calcutta etc.

11. Use article ‘the’ to refer a part from a large group.

    Example:

       a. One of the girls was absent.

       b. Some of the stolen jewelry was recovered.

12. Avoid using ‘the’ unless the name of the country refers to a group or has the word “of” within the name. Example: United States of America. 

13. Use the before ordinal numbers such as “first,” “second,” “third”, “fourth”  etc.

Omission of the Article

1. Do not use articles before cities and streets. Example: His clinic is in Ghaziabad.

2. When we refer to a common noun that stands for something in the widest of sense.

    Example:

       a. He is only man. (It means that he cannot be God.)

       b. What kind of answer is it?

3. Skip article in case of material noun.

     Example:

       a. Platinum is very precious.

       b. Don’t waste water.

4. Skip article while referring to language.

      Example:

       a. Hindi is my mother tongue.

       b. I scored good grade in English in my first term exam.

5. Articles are not required while referring the name of a relation like brother, sister, mother, father, husband, God.

       Example:

       a. My brother is coming tonight.

       b. Mother is already home.

6. Article is not used before proper nouns like Qutub Minar, Rajiv, Delhi except in few cases.

       Example:

       a. He is the Shakespeare of our city.

       b. He is the Newton of this era.

7. Do not use any article before temple, church, school, hospital, bed, market, court, etc. which are visited for the primary purpose for which they have been created.

       Example:

        a. She is going to market.(to shop)

        b. She is going to the market. (for some other purpose)

CBSE Grade 7 Science Ch 13- Motion and Time

Grade 7 Science Ch 13- Motion and Time


Q Fill in the blanks.

i.        The metallic ball is called the __________of the pendulum.
ii.        The symbols of all units are written in ______________.
iii.        The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its ______________.
iv.        One microsecond is one ______________of a second.
v.        A nanosecond is one ______________of a second.
vi.        The distance-time graph for the motion of an object moving with a constant speed is a ___________________.


Q2. True/False

i.        The basic unit of time is second. _______
ii.        Every object moves with a constant speed. ________
iii.        Distances between two cities are measured in kilometres. ________
iv.        The time period of a given pendulum is not constant. ________
v.        The speed of a train is expressed in m/h. _________
vi.        Clocks that measure such small time intervals are used for scientific research. _______

Q3. What is the basic unit of time?

Q4. What is the basic unit of speed?

Q5. What is speedometer?

Q6. What is distance-time graph?

Q7. What is speed?

Q8. What is oscillatory motion?

Q9. What is motion?

Q10. What is circular motion?

Q11. Give an example of oscillatory motion.

Q12. What is non-uniform motion?

Q13. What is uniform motion?

Q14. What is the smallest time interval that can be measured with commonly available clocks and watches?

Q15. What is a simple pendulum?

Q16. How time was measured when pendulum clocks were not available?

Q17. What are quartz clocks?

Q18. What is average speed?

Q19. The distance between two stations is 240 km. A train takes 4 hours to cover this distance. Calculate the speed of the train.

Q20. A simple pendulum takes 32 s to complete 20 oscillations. What is the time period of the pendulum?

Q21. Salma takes 15 minutes from her house to reach her school on a bicycle. If the bicycle has a speed of 2 m/s, calculate the distance between her house and the school.

Q22. When pendulum is said to have one complete oscillation?

Q23. The following Fig. shows the distance-time graph for the motion of two vehicles A and B. Which one of them is moving faster?

Q24. Classify the following as motion along a straight line, circular or oscillatory motion:

(i) Motion of your hands while running. ________________
(ii) Motion of a horse pulling a cart on a straight road. ______________
(iii) Motion of a child in a merry-go-round.  ____________________
(iv) Motion of a child on a see-saw. ______________________
(v) Motion of the hammer of an electric bell. __________________
(vi) Motion of a train on a straight bridge. _____________________

Q25. The odometer of a car reads 57321.0 km when the clock shows the time 08:30 AM. What is the distance moved by the car, if at 08:50 AM, the odometer reading has changed to 57336.0 km? Calculate the speed of the car in km/min during this time. Express the speed in km/h also.

Q26. Show the shape of the distance-time graph for the motion in the following cases:
(i) A car moving with a constant speed.
(ii) A car parked on a side road.

Q27. A car moves with a speed of 40 km/h for 15 minutes and then with a speed of 60 km/h for the next 15 minutes. Calculate the total distance covered by the car.

Q28. Explain how in ancient time a day, a month and a year were measured?

Q29. What are the points that should be considered while choosing the most suitable scale for drawing a graph?

Q30. Write down the steps to draw a graph.

Q31.Differentiate between distance and displacement.

Q32.Differentiate between uniform speed and average speed.

Q33.How can you say that motion and rest are relative?

Q34.Give an example when objects undergo combinations of different types of motion?

Q35.State different types of motion?

Q36. Look at the graph below of two vehicles A and B, which one of them is moving faster.

Q37. Which of the following distance-time graphs shows a truck moving with speed which is not constant?

Answers

Q1. Fill in the blanks.

                           i.        The metallic ball is called the bob of the pendulum.

                          ii.        The symbols of all units are written in singular.                        iii.        The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its time period.

                         iv.        One microsecond is one millionth of a second.

                          v.        A nanosecond is one billionth of a second.

                         vi.        The distance-time graph for the motion of an object moving with a constant speed is a straight line.

Q2. True/False

                           i.        The basic unit of time is second. True

                          ii.        Every object moves with a constant speed. False

                         iii.        Distances between two cities are measured in kilometres. True

                         iv.        The time period of a given pendulum is not constant. False

                          v.        The speed of a train is expressed in m/h. False

                         vi.        Clocks that measure such small time intervals are used for scientific research. True

Q3. What is the basic unit of time?
Ans. The basic unit of time is a second. Its symbol is s.

Q4. What is the basic unit of speed?
Ans. Basic unit of speed is metre per second (m/s).

Q5. What is speedometer?
Ans. Speedometer is an instrument that indicates the speed of a vehicle.

Q6. What is distance-time graph?
Ans. Distance-time graph represents the speed of an object.

Q7. What is speed?
Ans. The distance moved by an object in a unit time is called its speed.

Q8. What is oscillatory motion?
Ans. The to and fro motion of an object is called oscillatory motion.

Q9. What is motion?
Ans. Motion is a change in position of an object over time.

Q10. What is circular motion?
Ans. Circular motion is rotation of an object along a circular path

Q11. Give an example of oscillatory motion.
Ans. The to and fro motion of a simple pendulum is an example of a periodic or an oscillatory motion.

Q12. What is non-uniform motion?
Ans. If the speed of an object moving along a straight line keeps changing, its motion is said to be non-uniform.

Q13. What is uniform motion?
Ans. An object moving along a straight line with a constant speed is said to be in uniform motion.

Q14. What is the smallest time interval that can be measured with commonly available clocks and watches?
Ans. The smallest time interval that can be measured with commonly available clocks and watches is one second.

Q15. What is a simple pendulum?
Ans. A simple pendulum consists of a small metallic ball or a piece of stone suspended from a rigid stand by a thread. The metallic ball is called the bob of the pendulum.

Q16. How time was measured when pendulum clocks were not available?
Ans. Many time measuring devices were used in different parts of the world before the pendulum clocks became popular. Sundials, water clocks and sand clocks are some examples of such devices.

Q17. What are quartz clocks?
Ans. Nowadays most clocks or watches have an electric circuit with one or more cells. These clocks are called quartz clocks. The time measured by quartz clocks is much more accurate than that by the clocks available earlier.

Q18. What is average speed?
Ans. Speed or average speed is the total distance covered divided by the total time taken. Thus,

Q19. The distance between two stations is 240 km. A train takes 4 hours to cover this distance. Calculate the speed of the train.
Ans. Distance between two stations = 240 km
Time taken to cover this distance = 4 hours

Q20. A simple pendulum takes 32 s to complete 20 oscillations. What is the time period of the pendulum?
Ans. Number of oscillations = 20
Total time taken to complete 20 oscillations = 32 s

Q21. Salma takes 15 minutes from her house to reach her school on a bicycle. If the bicycle has a speed of 2 m/s, calculate the distance between her house and the school.
Ans. Time taken = 15 min = 15 x 60 = 900 seconds
Speed = 2 m/s
Distance = Speed x Time
             = 2 x 900 = 1800 m = 1800/1000 = 1.8 km

Q22. When pendulum is said to have one complete oscillation?
Ans. The pendulum is said to have completed one oscillation when its bob, starting from its mean position B, moves to A, to C and back to B.

Q23. The following Fig. shows the distance-time graph for the motion of two vehicles A and B. Which one of them is moving faster?
Ans. Vehicle A is moving faster. Speed of the vehicle is greater if it covers maximum distance in a given interval of time.

Q24. Classify the following as motion along a straight line, circular or oscillatory motion:
(i) Motion of your hands while running. Oscillatory motion
(ii) Motion of a horse pulling a cart on a straight road. Straight line
(iii) Motion of a child in a merry-go-round.  Circular motion
(iv) Motion of a child on a see-saw. Oscillatory motion
(v) Motion of the hammer of an electric bell. Oscillatory motion
(vi) Motion of a train on a straight bridge. Straight line

Q25. The odometer of a car reads 57321.0 km when the clock shows the time 08:30 AM. What is the distance moved by the car, if at 08:50 AM, the odometer reading has changed to 57336.0 km? Calculate the speed of the car in km/min during this time. Express the speed in km/h also.
Ans. Distance covered = 57336-57321 = 15 km
Time taken = 8:50 – 8:30 = 20 min
Now, convert 20 min into hour = 20/60 = 1/3 h

Q26. Show the shape of the distance-time graph for the motion in the following cases:
(i) A car moving with a constant speed.
(ii) A car parked on a side road.
Ans. A car moving with a constant speed.

A car parked on a side road.

Q27. A car moves with a speed of 40 km/h for 15 minutes and then with a speed of 60 km/h for the next 15 minutes. Calculate the total distance covered by the car.
Ans. Case 1
Speed = 40km/h
Time taken = 15 min = 15/60 = ¼ hours
Distance = Speed x Time = 40 X ¼ = 10 km
Case 2
Speed = 60km/h
Time taken = 15 min = 15/60 = ¼ hours
Distance = Speed x Time = 60 X ¼ = 15 km
Total Distance = 10 km + 15 km = 25 km

Q28. Explain how in ancient time a day, a month and a year were measured?
Ans. Our ancestors noticed that many events in nature repeat themselves after definite intervals of time. For example, they found that the sun rises every day in the morning. The time between one sunrise and the next was called a day. Similarly, a month was measured from one new moon to the next. A year was fixed as the time taken by the earth to complete one revolution of the sun.

Q29. What are the points that should be considered while choosing the most suitable scale for drawing a graph?
Ans. Some of the points to be kept in mind while choosing the most suitable scale for drawing a graph are:
                          i.        the difference between the highest and the lowest values of each quantity.
                         ii.        the intermediate values of each quantity, so that with the scale chosen it is convenient to mark the values on the graph, and
                        iii.        to utilise the maximum part of the paper on which the graph is to be drawn.

Q30. Write down the steps to draw a graph.
Ans. Steps
                           i.        Draw two perpendicular lines to represent the two axes and mark them as OX and OY.
                          ii.        Decide the quantity to be shown along the x-axis and that to be shown along the y-axis.
                         iii.        Choose a scale to represent the distance and another to represent the time on the graph.
                        iv.        Mark values for the time and the distance on the respective axes according to the scale you have chosen.
                        v.        Mark the points on the graph paper to represent each set of values for distance and time. Join the points.

Q31.Differentiate between distance and displacement.
A- The distance covered by a moving object is the actual length of the path followed by the object is called. Distance is a scalar quantity. SI unit of distance is meter. But Displacement is the shortest distance covered by a moving object from the point of reference (initial position of the body), in a specified direction.

Q32.Differentiate between uniform speed and average speed.
A- An object is said to be moving with uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. But when we travel in a vehicle the speed of the vehicle changes from time to time depending upon the conditions existing on the road. In such a situation, the speed is calculated by taking the ratio of the total distance travelled by the vehicle to the total time taken for the journey. This is called the average speed.

Q33.How can you say that motion and rest are relative?
A-We have observed that the position of stars and planets change while you remain stationary. In reality the earth is moving too. Thus, an object which appears to be at rest, may actually be in motion. Therefore, motion and rest are relative terms.

Q34.Give an example when objects undergo combinations of different types of motion?
A- The motion of a ball on the ground. Here the ball is rolling on the ground and rotating as well as moving forward on the ground. Thus, the ball undergoes a rectilinear motion as well as rotational motion.

Q35.State different types of motion?
A- Following are different types of motion:
Translatory Motion: - In Translatory motion the particle moves from one point in space to another. This motion may be along a straight line or along a curved path.
Rectilinear motion : Motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion. Example: A car moving on a straight road
Curvilinear motion: Motion along a curved path is called curvilinear motion. Example: A car negotiating a curve
Rotatory Motion : In rotatory motion, the particles of the body describe concentric circles about the axis of motion
Vibratory Motion: In vibratory motion the particles move to and fro about a fixed point.

Q36. Look at the graph below of two vehicles A and B, which one of them is moving faster.

Ans:
The vehicle A is moving faster as distance represented by vertical axis of A is more as compare to B for a given point of time.

Q37. Which of the following distance-time graphs shows a truck moving with speed which is not constant?
               

Ans-